Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa; Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro; Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo; Rodrigue Seth Ebonji; Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona; François Tchoumbougnang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa^*

, Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro

, Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo

, Rodrigue Seth Ebonji, Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona, François Tchoumbougnang

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 3)

Received: 22 May 2024 Accepted: 11 June 2024 Published: 4 July 2024

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
Page(s)	69-83
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Intermittent Biosand Filter, Oyster Shell, Filter Cartridge, Madagascar, Water Purification, Sub-Saharan Africa

References

[1]	Agrawal, A., Sharma, N. and Sharma, P. 2020 Designing an economical slow sand filter for households to improve water quality parameters. Mater. Today Proc. 2021, 43, 1582–1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.450
[2]	Ahammed, M. and Davra, K. 2011. Performance evaluation of a biosand filter modified with iron oxide coated sand for domestic drinking water treatment. Desalination 276(13), 287293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.065
[3]	Bai, Y., Liu, R., Liang, J., Qu, J. 2013. Integrated metagenomic and physiochemical analyzes to evaluate the potential role of microbes in the sand filter of a drinking water treatment system. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61011. https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0061011
[4]	Budin, K., Subramaniam, Y., Tair, R., Mohd, S. and Ali 2014. The ability of crab and cockle shell to adsorb lead and chromium from industrial effluent, IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 8 4–6, https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-081210406
[5]	Buzuni, B. 1995. Intermittently operated slow sand filtration: a new water treatment process. Civil Engineering, University of Calgary. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/29868
[6]	Cairncross S., Hunt, C., Boisson, S., Bostoen, K., Curtis, V., Fung, H., 2010. “Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhea”, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 39, pp. 193-205.
[7]	CAWST, 2012. Bio-Sand Filtration Construction Manual”, Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, Calgary, Canada, available http: 2012. at: www.cawst.org/2016.en/resources/Bio-Sandfilter
[8]	Clasen T., Roberts, I., Rabie, T., Schmidt, W. and Cairncross, S. 2006. “Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhea ”, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004794.pub2
[9]	Delgado- Gardea, M., Tamez-guerra, P., Gomez- flores, R., Garfio -Aguirre, M., Rocha-Gutiérrez, B., Romo- Sáenz, C., Serna, F., Vega, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, B. and González-Horta, M. 2019. Streptophyta and Acetic Acid Bacteria Succession Promoted by Brass in Slow Sand Filter System Schmutzdeckes. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 7021.
[10]	Elbana, M., Ramírez de Cartagena, F. and Puig- Bargu, J. 2012 Effectiveness of sand media filters for removing turbidity and recovering dissolved oxygen from a reclaimed effluent used for micro irrigation, Agric. Water Management. 111(2012) 2733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.04.010
[11]	Elliott, M., Digiano, F. and Sobsey, M. 2011 Virus attenuation by microbial mechanisms during the idle time of a household slow sand filter. Water Res. 2011, 45, 4092–4102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.008
[12]	Elliott, M., Stauber, C., Koksal, F., Digiano, F. and Sobsey, M. 2008. Reductions of E. coli, echovirus type 12 and bacteriophages in an intermittently operated household-scale slow sand filter. Water Res. 2008, 42, 2662–2670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.01.016
[13]	Fitriani, N., Theresia, L., Tjahja, T., O'Marga, N., Kurniawan, B., Supriyanto, A., Sheikh Abdullah, R. and Rietveld, L. 2023. Performance of a modified and intermittently operated slow sand filter with two different mediums in removing turbidity, ammonia, and phosphate with varying acclimatization.periods. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22577
[14]	Fitriani, N., Wahyudianto, F., Salsabila, N., Mohamed, R. and Kurniawan, B. 2023 Performance of modified slow sand filter to reduce turbidity, total suspended solids, and iron in river water as water treatment in disaster areas, J. Ecol. Eng. 24 1–18, https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/156009
[15]	Fogel, D., Isaac-Renton, J., Guasparini, R., Moorehead, W., Ongerth, J. 1993 Removing giardia and cryptosporidium by slow sand filtration. J. Am. Water Work. Assoc. 1993, 85, 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06105.x
[16]	Freitas, B., Terin, U., Fava, N., Maciel, P., Garcia, L., Medeiros, R., Oliveira, M., Fernandez- Ibañez, P., Byrne, J. and Sabogal -Paz, L. 2022 Critical Overview of Household Slow Sand Filters for Water Treatment. Water Res. 2022, 208, 117870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117870
[17]	Freitas, B., Terin, U., Fava, N., Sabogal -Paz, L. 2021 Filter media depth and its effect on the efficiency of Household Slow Sand Filter in Continuous Flow. J. Approx. Manag, 288, 1–12.
[18]	Guchi, E. 2015 Review on Slow Sand Filtration in Removing Microbial Contamination and Particles from Drinking Water. Am. J. Food Nutr., 3, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajfn-3-2-3
[19]	Haig, SJ, Collins, G., Davies, RL, Dorea, CC, Quince, C. 2011 Biological aspects of slow sand filtration: Past, present and future. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2011, 11, 468–472. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.076
[20]	Jenkins, M., Tiwari, S. and Darby, J. 2011. Bacterial, viral and turbidity removal by intermittent slow sand filtration for household use in developing countries: Experimental investigation and modeling. Water research, 45(18), 6227-6239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.022
[21]	Kaetzl, K., Lübken, M., Nettmann, E., Krimmler, S. and Wichern, M. 2020 Slow sand filtration of raw wastewater using biochar as an alternative filtration media, Sci. Rep. 10(2020) 1229, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57981-0
[22]	Kabir, E., Kumar, T., Chakraborty and Ghosh, G. 20 16 Biosand Filter (BSF): A simple water treatment device for safe drinking water supply and to promote health in hard-to-reach and risk-prone coastal areas of Bangladesh. American Journal of Environmental Protection. Flight. 5, no. 5, 2016, p. 163168. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20160505.11
[23]	Kennedy, T.; Hernandez, E. and Morse, A. 2012. Hydraulic Loading Rate Effect on Removal Rates in a BioSand Filter: A Pilot Study of Three Conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2012, 223, 4527–4537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1215-4
[24]	Lamon, A., Faria Maciel, P., Campos, J., Corbi, J., Dunlop, P., Fernandez- Ibañez, P., Byrne, J., Sabogal -Paz, L. 2021. Household slow sand filter efficiency with schmutzdecke evaluation by microsensors. Approximately. Technol. 2021, 1, 1–12.
[25]	Li, J., Zhou, Q., Campos, LC, 2018. Application of GAC sandwich slow sand filtration to remove pharmaceutical and personal care products. Sci. Approximately. Total. 635, 11821190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.198
[26]	Liu, L., Fu, Y., Wei, Q., Liu, Q., Wu, L., Wu, J. and Huo, W 2019. Applying bio-slow sand filtration for water treatment, Polish J. Environ. Stud. 28(2019) 2243–2251, https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/89544
[27]	Lubarsky, H., Fava, N., Freitas, S., Terin, U., Oliveira, M., Lamon, A., Pichel,, N., Byrne, J., Sabogal -Paz, L. and Fernandez- Ibañez, P. 2022. Biological Layer in Household Slow Sand Filters: Characterization and Evaluation of the Impact on Systems Efficiency. Water 2022, 14, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14071078
[28]	Maiyo, J. K., Dasika, S., Jafvert and CT 2023 Slow sand filters for the 21st century: a review. Int. J Approx. Res. Public health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021019
[29]	Matuzahroh, N., Fitriani, N., Ardiyanti, PE, Kuncoro, EP, Budiyanto, WD, Isnadina, D., Wahyudianto, F. and Radin M. 2020. Behavior of schmutzdecke with varied filtration rates of slow sand filter to remove total coliforms. Heliyon, 6, e03736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03736
[30]	Maˇzeikiene, A 2019. Improving small-scale wastewater treatment plant performance by using a filtering tertiary treatment unit, J. Environ. Manag. 232(2019) 336–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.076
[31]	Medeiros, R., Fava, N., Freitas, B., Sabogal -Paz, L., Hoffmann, M., Davis, J., Fernandez- Ibañez, P. and Byrne, J. 2020 Drinking water treatment by multistage filtration on a household scale: Efficiency and challenges. Water Res. 2020, 178, 115816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115816
[32]	Moideen, S., Md Din, M., Ponraj, M., Mohd, B., Yusof, Ismail, Z., Songip, A. and Chelliapan, S. 2016 Wasted cockle shell (Anadara granosa) as a natural adsorbent for treating polluted river water in the fabricated column model (FCM), Desalin. Water Treat. 57 https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1082939
[33]	Mpenyana Monyatsi, L., Mthombeni, N., Onyango, M., Momba, M., 2012. Cost-effective filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles for the removal of pathogenic bacteria in groundwater. Int. J. Approx. Res. Health public 9(1), 244271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9010244
[34]	Nakamoto, N., Graham, N., Collins, M. and Gimbel, R. 2014 Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Process–Further Developments and Applications; IWA Publishing: London, UK. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780406381
[35]	Nasser Fava, N., Terin, U., Freitas, B., Sabogal -Paz, L., Fernandez-Ibanez, P. and Anthony Byrne, J. 2020 Household slow sand filters in continuous and intermittent flows and their effectiveness in microorganism's removal from river water, Environ. Technol. 43 1583–1592, https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2020.1841834
[36]	NF, 2000. Water quality. Search and enumeration of intestinal enterococci. Part 2: membrane filtration method, ISO 7899-2.
[37]	NF, 2000. Water quality. Search and enumeration of Eschericha coli and coliform bacteria. Part 1: membrane filtration method, ISO 9308-1.
[38]	Ochieng, G., Otieno, F., Ogada, T., Shitote, S., Menzwa, D., 2004. Performance of multi-stage filtration using different filter media compared to conventional water treatment systems. Water SA 30(3), 361367. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i3.5085
[39]	Oh, S., Hammes, F., Liu, W., 2018. Metagenomic characterization of biofilter microbial communities in a large-scale drinking water treatment plant. Water Res. 128, 278285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.054
[40]	Ranjan, P. and Manjeet, P 2018. Schmutzdecke: A Filtration Layer of Slow Sand Filter. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. ISSN: 23197706 Volume 7 Number 07. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.077
[41]	Ranjan, P. 2017 Effect of Multi-Column Sand Filter on the Turbidity and Escherichia Coli Count of Wastewater (M. Tech Thesis under the guidance of Vashisht, AK submitted to College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology (CAU, Imphal) Ranipool, Sikkim).
[42]	Ribalet, F., Intertaglia, L., Lebaron, P. and Casotti, R. 2008. Differential effect of three polyunsaturated aldehydes on marine bacterial isolates. Aquat. Toxicol. 2008, 86, 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.11.005
[43]	Rodell, M., Famiglietti, J., Wiese, D., Reager, J., Beaudoing, H., Landerer, F., Lo, M., 2018. Emerging trends in global freshwater availability. Natural 1. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0123-1
[44]	Selamawit Mulugeta, Helmreich Brigitte, J¨org E. Drewes, Agizew Nigussie, 2020, “ Consequences of fluctuating depth of filter media on coliform removal performance and effluent reuse opportunities of a bio-sand filter in municipal wastewater treatment”, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104135
[45]	Subari, F., Kamaruzzaman, M., Sheikh Abdullah, S., Hasan, H., Othman, A., Abdullah, S., Hasan, H. and Othman, A. 2018, Simultaneous removal of ammonium and manganese in slow sand biofilter (SSB) by naturally grown bacteria from lake water and its diverse microbial community, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 6(2018) 6351–6358, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.09.053
[46]	Suzuki, T., Yamate, T., Otsuka, M., Ichimura, S. 2020 Removal of standard plate-count bacteria from low-turbidity surface waters via integrated M. oleifera seed coagulation pretreatment and process two-layer fabric filtration system, J. Water Process Ing. 38(2020), 101648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101648
[47]	UNESCO, 2013 The 3rd United Nations World Water Development Report: “Water in a changing world”, 187p.
[48]	Unger, M.; Collins, MR2008 Assessing Escherichia coli removal in the schmutzdecke of slow-rate biofilters. Water Works Ass. 100, 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2008.tb09799.x
[49]	Pascal Disa-Disa et al, (2020) Drinking water treatment by multistage slow sand filtrations; Review Journal of Water Science. vol. 27, n° 3, 2014, p. 259-268 http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1027809ar
[50]	Wang, H., Narihiro, T., Straub, AP, Pugh, CR, Tamaki, H., Moor, JF, Bradley, LM, Kamagata, Y., Liu, WT and Nguyen, TH 2014 Bacteriophage Reduction and Microbial Communities in Biosand Filters. Approximately. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 6702–6709. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500494s
[51]	WHO, 2022 State of the world's drinking water: an urgent call to action to accelerate progress toward ensuring safe drinking water for all. Geneva: World Health Organization. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
[52]	WHO. 2017 Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Update and SDG Baselines; World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund: Geneva, Switzerland.
[53]	WHO, 2015 Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water–2015 Update and MDG Assessment; Audaz, AG, Ed.; UNICEF and World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
[54]	WHO/UNICEF, 2017a. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, 2017 update and SDG benchmarks. World Health Organization [WHO]/United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF].
[55]	WHO/UNICEF, 2017b. Safely Managed Drinking Water Thematic Report on Drinking Water 2017. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland (License: CC BYNC SA 3.0 IGO).
[56]	WWAP. 2020. United Nations World Water Development Report 2020: Water and Climate Change; WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme): Paris, France, 2020.
[57]	Weber Shirk, M., Dick, R. 1997. Biological mechanisms in slow sand filters. Jam. Water W. Assoc. 89, 7283. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1997.tb08180.x
[58]	Webster T and Fierer N. 2019. Microbial dynamics of biosand filters and contributions of the microbial food web to effective treatment of wastewater impacted water sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 85: e 01142-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01142-19
[59]	Yongabi, K and Knoll, L. 2015. Slow filtration on biocoagulant sand for the disinfection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from the Mezam River in Bamenda, Cameroon. Afr. J. Biotechnology. 14(11), 937943. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.14352
[60]	Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, C., Wang, C., Wang, X., Hou, H., Wang, J. and Li, H. 2019 Purification of rainwater collected using slow sand filters with inexpensive materials: bacterial community structure and purifying effect. Total Environmental Science 674(2019) 344–354 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.474 00489697/

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Eboa, C. F. M., Ravelonandro, H. P., Ngo, S. B., Ebonji, R. S., Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. (2024). Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(3), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Eboa, C. F. M.; Ravelonandro, H. P.; Ngo, S. B.; Ebonji, R. S.; Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(3), 69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Eboa CFM, Ravelonandro HP, Ngo SB, Ebonji RS, Andrianaivoravelona RF, et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(3):69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12,
  author = {Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa and Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro and Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo and Rodrigue Seth Ebonji and Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona and François Tchoumbougnang},
  title = {Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {69-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241303.12},
  abstract = {Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

AU  - Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa
AU  - Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro
AU  - Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo
AU  - Rodrigue Seth Ebonji
AU  - Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona
AU  - François Tchoumbougnang
Y1  - 2024/07/04
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 69
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
AB  - Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.

VL  - 13
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa

Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon; Research Unit in Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4953-4471
Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-0970
Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo

Department of Earth Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1864-6128
Rodrigue Seth Ebonji

Laboratory of Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

Contact Email
Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona

Research Unit in Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Contact Email
François Tchoumbougnang

Research Unit in Process Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Contact Email

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Eboa, C. F. M., Ravelonandro, H. P., Ngo, S. B., Ebonji, R. S., Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. (2024). Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(3), 69-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Eboa, C. F. M.; Ravelonandro, H. P.; Ngo, S. B.; Ebonji, R. S.; Andrianaivoravelona, R. F., et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(3), 69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Eboa CFM, Ravelonandro HP, Ngo SB, Ebonji RS, Andrianaivoravelona RF, et al. Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(3):69-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12,
  author = {Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa and Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro and Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo and Rodrigue Seth Ebonji and Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona and François Tchoumbougnang},
  title = {Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {69-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241303.12},
  abstract = {Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Design of an Intermittent Biosand Filter Amended with Oyster Shell Powders for the Improvement of Household Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar

AU  - Cloreil Franck Mbonjo Eboa
AU  - Hervé Pierre Ravelonandro
AU  - Suzanne Boum-Nkot Ngo
AU  - Rodrigue Seth Ebonji
AU  - Rajaona Fiahavanana Andrianaivoravelona
AU  - François Tchoumbougnang
Y1  - 2024/07/04
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 69
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241303.12
AB  - Access to safe drinking water and the wide spread of water-borne diseases are major challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Based on this, a water purification models has been developed which can use on a local scale. It consists of an intermittent biosand filter amended with oyster shell powders designed from local materials. The performance of the filter was evaluated through physicochemical and bacteriological analyses using standardized methods on raw polluted well water with previously determined initial D0 characteristics. The effectiveness of the designed filter was assessed and a filtration operation was carried out over a monitoring period of 13 days (D13) prior to 7 days of acclimatization of the system. With a filtration rate of 0.75l/h-1, there is a very strong reduction in turbidity from 35.59NTU to 0 NTU and in BOD5 from 125mg/l to 2mg/l. More so, bacteriological analyses reveal a progressive and complete decrease from D0 to D13 of fecal coliforms from 9000 CFU/100ml to 0 CFU/100ml; total coliforms from 6,000 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml and fecal streptococci from 10,800 CFU/100 ml to 0 CFU/100 ml. Compared to the classic ceramic filter, no significant difference in the Duncan test is reported for the highlighted parameters. This filter presents potential among other water treatment methods at the local scale for reducing the risks of water-borne diseases and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 in developing countries.

VL  - 13
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download