Public communication campaigns are the focus of this contribution, especially in the field of health, that fulfill an important function in today’s civic society by informing the public about risky behaviors like AIDS, tobacco, alcohol, drug abuse, obesity or currently in the field of COVID-19. In addition they are stimulating preventive behavior in domains like increasing physical activity, healthier nutrition or keeping distance because of COVID-19, but also in areas like traffic safety or environmental protection. But they also try to alter non-healthy risk behaviors like smoking or too much drinking. Especially the COVID-19 pandemic since early 2020 hit the health systems of all countries hard and almost all health ministries or departments of public health started to develop and implement COVID-19 communication campaigns together with technical and legal interventions like vaccination. Based on a system model with focus on problem analysis, definition of goals, selection of target groups, development of campaign messages, and empirical campaign evaluation, it is the goal of this contribution to focus on public health campaigns and its underlying theoretical perspectives like information seeking, cognitive dissonance theory, activation and entertainment-education, social cognitive theory, persuasion research or approaches from health sciences. Based on this background of relevant communication theories, the contribution is asking: What have we learned from theory to optimize health campaigns and especially COVID-19 campaigns?
Published in | Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 10, Issue 1) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17 |
Page(s) | 60-72 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group |
COVID-19, Health Campaigns, Theoretical Approaches, Practical Applications
[1] | Abroms, L. C., & Maibach, E. W. (2008). The Effectiveness of Mass Communication to Change Public Behavior. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, 219-234. |
[2] | Adunlin, G., Adedyin, C. A., Adedoyin, O. O., Njoku, A., Bolade-Ogunfodun, Y., & Bolaji, B. (2020). Using the protection motivation theory to examine the effects of fear arousal on the practice of social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak in rural areas. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 1-6. |
[3] | Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2 (4), 665-683. |
[4] | Anker, A. E., Feeley, T. H., McCracken, B., & Lagoe, C. A. (2016). Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns. Journal of Health Communication, 21, 439-456. |
[5] | Atkin, C. (1979). Research Evidence on Mass Mediated Health Communication Campaigns. In D. Nimmo (Ed.) ICA Communication Yearbook 3. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 655-668. |
[6] | Atkin, C., & Wallack, L. (Eds.) (1990). Mass Communication and Public Health. Complexities and Conflicts. Newbury Park / London / New Delhi: Sage. |
[7] | Bandura, A. (2002): Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In: J. Bryant, & D. Zillmann (Eds.) Media Effects. Advances in Theory and Research (pp. 121-153). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. |
[8] | Bandura, A. (2004): Health Promotion by Social Cognitive Means. Health Education & Behavior, 31 (2), 143-164. |
[9] | Bennett, G. G., & Glasgow, R. E. (2009). The Delivery of Public Health via the Internet: Actualizing Their Potential. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 30, 273-292. |
[10] | Bolls, P. D. (2017). Arousal and Activation. In P. Rössler (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. |
[11] | Bonassi, T. (2020). Pflichtenheft Evaluation der Krisenbewältigung COVID-19. Bern: Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG. |
[12] | Bonell, C., Michie, S., Reicher, S., West, R., Bear, L., Yardley, L., Curtis, V., Amlôt, R., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). Harnessing behavioural science in public health campaigns to maintain ‘social distancing’ in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: key principles. J Epidemial Community Health, 0 (0). |
[13] | Bonfadelli, H. (2008). Knowledge Gap. In L. L. Kaid, & C. Holtz-Bacha (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Political Communication, Vol. 1 (pp. 82-384). Los Angeles etc.: Sage. |
[14] | Bonfadelli, H. (2014a). Gesundheitskommunikation: Ein Forschungsfeld in Bewegung. In Baumann E., Hastall M., Rossmann C. & Sowka A. (Eds.) Gesundheitskommunikation als Forschungsfeld der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft (pp. 15-35). Baden-Baden: Nomos. |
[15] | Bonfadelli, H. (2014b). Gesundheitskampagnen. In K. Hurrelmann & E. Baumann (Eds.) Handbuch Gesundheitskommunikation (pp. 360-375). Bern: Hans Huber. |
[16] | Bonfadelli, H., & Friemel, T. (2020). Kommunikationskampagnen im Gesundheitsbereich. Grundlagen und Anwendungen. Köln: Herbert von Halem. |
[17] | Brewer, N. T., & Rimer, B. K. (2008). Perspectives on Health Behavior Theories that Focus on Individuals. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health behavior and health education. Theory, research, and practice (pp. 149-165). San Francisco, CA: Wiley. |
[18] | Byrne, S., Hart, P. S. (2009). The Boomerang Effect. A Synthesis of Findings and a Preliminary Theoretical Framwork. In C. S. Beck (Ed.), Communication Yearbook 33 (pp. 3-37). New York/London: Routledge. |
[19] | Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior. Health Communication, 25, 661-669. |
[20] | Chatterjee, J. S., Sangalang, A., Cody, M. J. (2017). Entertainment-Education. In P. Rössler (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. |
[21] | Cho, H. (Ed.) (2012). Health communication message design. Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks etc.: Sage. |
[22] | Cho, H., Salmon, C. T. (2007). Unintended Effects of Health Communication Campaigns. Journal of Communication, 57 (2), 293-317. |
[23] | Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018). Theory and practice of social norms interventions: eight common pitfalls. Globalization and Health, 14: 83. |
[24] | Compton, J. (2013). Inoculation Theory. In The SAGE Handbook of Persuasion (pp. 220-236). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage. |
[25] | Corcoran, N. (2011). Working on Health Communication. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Singapore: Sage. |
[26] | Dempsey, R. C.; McAlaney, J.; Bewick, B. M. (2018): A Critical Appraisal of the Social Norms Approach as an Interventional Strategy for Health Related Behavior and Attitude Change. In: Frontiers of Psychology, 9, Article 2180. |
[27] | Dervin, B. & Foreman-Wernet, L. (2013). Sense-making methodology as an approach to understanding and designing for campaign audiences. In R. E. Rice, C. K. Atkin (Eds.) Public communication campaigns (pp. 147-162). Thousand Oaks etc.: Sage. |
[28] | Derzon, J. H., Lipsey, M. W. (2002): A Meta-analysis of the Effectiveness of Mass-Communication for Changing Substance-use Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior. In W. Crano, M. Burgoon (eds): Mass Media and Drug Prevention: Classic and Contemporary Theories and Research. Mahwah NJ, London: Lawrence Erlbaum, S. 231-258. |
[29] | Dhanani, L. Y., & Franz, B. (2021). Why public health framing matters: An experimental study of the effects of COVID-19 framing on prejudice and xenophobia in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 269, 113572. |
[30] | Ding, D., del Pozo Cruz, B., Green M. A., & Baumen, A. E. (2020). Is the COVID-19 lockdown nudging people to be more active: a big data analysis. Br J Sports Med, 54, 1183-1187. |
[31] | Donohew, L., Palmgreen, P, & Lorch, E. P. (1994). Attention, Need for Sensation, and Health Communication Campaigns. The American Behavioral Scientist, 38 (2), 310-322. |
[32] | Dutta, M. J. (2008). Communicating About Culture and Health: Theorizing Culture-Centered and Cultural Sensitivity Approaches. Communication Theory, 17, 304-328. |
[33] | Dutta, M. J. (Ed.) (2013): Reducing Health Disparities. New York. |
[34] | Dutta-Bergman, M. J. (2005). Theory and Practice in Health Communication Campaigns: A Critical Interrogation. Health Communication, 18 (2), 103-122. |
[35] | Edgar, T., Freimuth, V., & Hammond, S. L. (2003). Lessons Learned from the Field on Prevention and Health Campaigns. In T. L. Thompson, A. M. Dorsey, K. I. Miller, & R. Parrott (Eds.), Handbook of Health Communication (625-636). Mahwah, NJ/London: Erlbaum. |
[36] | Festinger, Leon (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP. |
[37] | Finnegan, J. R. Viswanath, K. (2008). Communication theory and health behavior change. The media studies framework. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health behavior and health education. Theory, research, and practice (pp. 363-387). San Francisco: Wiley. |
[38] | Fishbein, M., & Cappella, J. M. (2006). The Role of Theory in Developing Effective Health Communications. Journal of Communication, 56, 1-17. |
[39] | Flay, B. R., & Burton, D. (1990). Effective Mass Communication Strategies for Health Campaigns. In C. Atkin & L. Wallack (Eds.) Mass Communication and Public Health. Complexities and Conflicts. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi: Sage, 129-146. |
[40] | Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Research on Protection Motivation Theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 0 (2), 407-429. |
[41] | Freimuth, V. (1990). The chronically uninformed: Closing the knowledge gap in health. In E. B. Ray & L. Donohew (Eds.) Communication and health: systems and applications (pp. 171–186). Hillsdale N. J.: Erlbaum. |
[42] | Fromm, B., Baumann, E., & Lampert, C. (2011). Gesundheitskommunikation und Medien. Ein Lehrbuch. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. |
[43] | Gallagher, K. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012). Health Message Framing Effects on Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior: A Meta-analytic Review. ann. behave. med., 43, 101-116. |
[44] | Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (eds) (20155). Health behavior and health education. Theory, research, and practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. |
[45] | Godbold, L. C., & Pfau, M. (2000). Conferring resistance to peer pressure among adolescents: Using inoculation theory to discourage alcohol use. Communication Research, 27 (4), 411-437. |
[46] | Green, M. C., Brock, T. C. (2010). The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79 (5), 701-721. |
[47] | Hargittai, E., & Nguyen, M. H. (2020). How Switzerland kept in touch dring COVID-19. On Swissinfo.ch. |
[48] | Harrington, N. G. & Palmgreen, P. C., & Donohue, L. (2014). Programmatic Research to Increase the Effectiveness of Health Communication Campaigns. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 1472-1480. |
[49] | Hastall, M. R. (2009). Informational Utility as Determinant of Media Choices. In T. Hartmann (Ed.) Media Choice. A Theoretical and Empirical Overview (pp. 149-166). New York/London: Routledge. |
[50] | Haug, M. (2004). Do Campaigns Really Change Behavior? New Understanding of the Behavioral Effects of Advertising, Political Campaigns and Health Communication Campaigns. Nordicom Review, 25 (1-2), 277-290. |
[51] | Hinyard, L., & Kreuter, M. W. (2007). Using Narrative Communication as a Tool for Health Behavior Change: A Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Overview. Health Education & Behavior, 34 (5), 777-792. |
[52] | Hornik, R. C. (Ed.) (2002). Public Health Communication: Evidence for Behavior Change. Mahwah, N. J. |
[53] | Hornik, R., Kikut, A., Jesch, E., Woko, C., Siegel, L., & Kim, K. (2021). Association of COVID-19 Misinformation with Face Mask Wearing and Social Distancing in a Nationally Representative US Sample. Health Communication, 36 (1), 6-14. |
[54] | Hurrelmann, K., & Baumann, E. (Eds.) (2014). Handbuch Gesundheitskommunikation. Bern: Hans Huber. |
[55] | Hyman, H., Sheatsley, P. B. (1947). Some reasons why information campaigns fail. Public Opinion Quarterly, 11, 412-423. |
[56] | Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later. Health Education Quarterly, 11 (1), 1-47. |
[57] | Johnson, J. D.,& Case, D. O. (2012). Health information seeking. New York u. a.: Peter Lang. |
[58] | Kaplan, G. A. (2004). What’s Wrong with Social Epidemiology, and How Can We Make It Better? Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 124-135. |
[59] | Kim, H. S., Bigman, C. A., Leader, A. E., Lerman, C., & Cappella, J. N. (2012): Narrative health communication and behavior change: The influence of exemplars in the news on intention to quit smoking. Journal of Communication, 62, 473-492. |
[60] | Kowalski, R. M., & Black, K. (2021). Protection Motivation and the COVID-19 Virus. Health Communication, 36 (1), 15-22. |
[61] | Kreps, G. (Ed.) (2010): Health Communication. Los Angeles etc.: Sage. |
[62] | Lang, A. (2017). Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP). In P. Rössler (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. |
[63] | Lind, F., & Boomgaarden, H. D. (2019). What we do and don’t know: a meta-analysis of the knowledge gap hypothesis. Annals of the International Communication Association. New York/London: Routledge. |
[64] | Maher, C. A., Lewis, L. K., Ferrar, K., Marshall, S., De Bourdeaudhu, J., & Vandelanotte, C. (2017). Are Health Behavior Change Interventions That Use Online Social Networks Effective? A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INTERNET RESEARCH, 16 (2), e40. |
[65] | Maibach, E. W., & Parrott, R. L. (1995). Designing health messages: Approaches from communication theory and public health practice. Thousand Oaks /London/New Delhi: Sage. |
[66] | Meijer, A., & Webster, C. W. R. (2020). The COVID-19-crisis and the information polity: An overview of responses and discussions in twenty-one countries from six continents. Information Polity, 25, 243-274. |
[67] | Mendelson, H. (1973). Some reasons why information campaigns can succeed. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, 50–61. |
[68] | Mheidly, N., & Fares, J. (2020). Leveraging media and health communication strategies to overcome the COVID-19 infodemic. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41, 410-420. |
[69] | Mongeau, P. A. (2013). Fear Appeals. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Persuasion (pp. 184-199). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage. |
[70] | Myrick, J. G. (2017). Celebrity-Based Appeals in Health and Risk Messaging. Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Communication. |
[71] | Nabi, R. L. (2016). Laughing in the Face of Fear (of Disease Detection): Using Humor to Promote Cancer Self-Examination Behavior. Health Communication, 31 (7), 873-883. |
[72] | Noar, S. M. (2006). A 10-year retrospective of research in health mass media campaigns: Where we go from here? Journal of Health Communication, 11, 21–42. |
[73] | Noar, S. M., Palmgren, P., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2009). Reflections on Evaluating Health Communication Campaigns. Communication Methods and Measures, 3 (1-2), 105-114. |
[74] | Noar, S. M., & Van Stee, S. K. (2012). Designing Messages for Individuals in Different Stages of Change. In H. Cho (Ed.) Health Communication Message Design. Theory and Practice (pp. 209-229. Los Angeles etc.: Sage. |
[75] | O’Keefe, D. J. (2012). From Psychological Theory to Message Design: Lessons from the Story of Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Persuasive Messages. In H. Cho (Ed.) Health communication message design. Theory and practice (pp. 3-20). Thousand Oaks etc.: Sage. |
[76] | O’Keefe, D. J. (2013). The Elaboration Likelihood Model. In J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (Eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Persuastion. Developments in Theory and Practice (pp. 137-149). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage. |
[77] | Okuhara, T., Okada, H., & Kiuchi, T. (2020). Predictors of Staying at Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Lockdown based on Protection Motivation Theory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan. Healthcare, 8, 475. |
[78] | Petty, R. E., Briñol, P., & Priester, J. R. (2009). Mass Media Attitude Change. Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.) Media Effects. Advances in Theory and Research (pp. 125-164). New York/London: Routledge. |
[79] | Pope, J. P., Pelletier, L., & Guertin, C. (2018). Starting Off on the Best Foot: A Review of Message Framing and Message Tailoring, and Recommendations for the Comprehensive Messaging Strategy for Sustained Behavior Change. Health Communication, 33 (9), 1068-1077. |
[80] | Prochaska, J. O., Redding, C. A., & Evers, K. E. (2008). The Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change. In K. K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer & K. Viswanath (Eds.) Health behavior and health education. Theory, research, and practice (pp. 98-121). San Francisco: Wiley. |
[81] | Ray, E. B., & Donohew, L. (Eds.) (1990). Communication and Health: Systems and Applications. Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum. |
[82] | Rice, R. E., & Atkin, C. (Eds.) (20134). Public communication campaigns. Thousand Oaks etc.: Sage. |
[83] | Riley, A. H. et al. (2021). Entertainment-Education Campaigns and COVID-19: How Three Global Organizations Adapted the Health Communication Strategy for Pandemic Response and Takeaways for the Future. Health Communication, 36 (1), 42-49. |
[84] | Rogers, E., & Storey, D. (1987). Communication campaigns. In C. R. Berger, & S. Chaffee (Eds.) Handbook of communication science (pp. 817-846). Beverly Hills etc.: Sage. |
[85] | Rogers, R., & Prentice-Dunn, S. (1997). Protection motivation theory. In D. S. Gochman (Ed.), Handbook of health behavior research I: Personal and social determinants (pp. 153-176). New York: Plenum Press. |
[86] | Romero-Blanco, C. et al. (2020). Physical Activity and Sedentary Lifestyle in University Students: Changes during Confinement Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 6567. |
[87] | Rossmann, C. (2015). Strategic Health Communication. Theory- and Evidence Based Campaign Evaluation. Holtzhausen, D., & Zerfass, A. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Strategic Communication (409-423). New York / London: Routhledge. |
[88] | Rossmann, C. (2017). Content Effects: Health Campaign Communication. Rössler, P. (Ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley. |
[89] | Rossmann, C., & Hastall, M. R. (Eds.) (2019). Handbuch Gesundheitskommunikation. Kommunikationswissenschaftliche Perspektiven. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. |
[90] | Rothman, A. J., Bartels, R. D., Wlaschin, J., & Salovey, P. (2006). The Strategic Use of Gain- and Loss-Framed Messages to Promote Healthy Behavior: How Theory Can Inform Practice. Journal of Communication, 56, 202-220. |
[91] | Salmon, C. T. (Ed.) (1989). Information campaigns: Balancing social values and social change. Newbury Park etc.: Sage. |
[92] | Scherenberg, V., & Pundt, J. (Eds.) (2018). Digitale Gesundheitskommunikation. Zwischen Meinungsbildung und Manipulation. Bremen: Apollon University Press. |
[93] | Schiavo, R. (2014). Health Communication. From Theory to Practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. |
[94] | Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective Exposure to Information: A Critical Review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31, 194-213. |
[95] | Shawky, S., Kubacki, K., Dietrich, T., & Weaven, S. (2019). Using social media to create engagement: a social marketing review. Journal of Social Marketing, 9 (2), 204-224. |
[96] | Silk, K. J., Atkin, C. K., & Salmon, C. T. (2011). Developing Effective Media Campaigns for Health Promotion. In T. L. Thompson, R., Parrott, & J. F. Nussbaum (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Communication (203-219). Florence: Taylor and Francis. |
[97] | Singhal, A., Rogers, E. M., & Brown, W. J. (2001). Harnessing the potential of entertainment-education telenovelas. Gazette, 51 (1), 1-18. |
[98] | Singhal, A., Wang, H., & Rogers, E. M. (2013). The Rising Tide of Entertainment-Education in Communication Campaigns. In R. E. Rice, & C. K. Atkin (Eds.) Public Communication Campaigns (pp. 321-333). Los Angeles etc.: Sage. |
[99] | Slater, M. D. (1996). Theory and method in health audience segmentation. Journal of Health Communication, 1, 335-354. |
[100] | Snyder, L., & Hamilton, M. (2002): A Meta-Analysis of U.S. Health Campaign Effects on Behavior: Emphasize Enforcement, Exposure and New Information, and Beware the Secular Trend. In Hornik, R. C. (Ed.): Public Health Communication. Evidence for Behavior Change (pp. 357-383). Mahwah, New Jersey: Routledge. |
[101] | Snyder, L., & LaCroix, J. M. (2013). How effective are mediated health campaigns? A synthesis of meta-analyses. In R. E. Rice, & C. K. Atkin (Eds.) Public communication campaigns (pp. 113–129). Thousand Oaks etc.: Sage. |
[102] | Taubenheim, A. M., Long, T., Wayman, J., Temple, S., McDonough, S., & Duncan, A. (2012). Using Social Media to Enhance Health Communication Campaigns. |
[103] | Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. New Haven: Yale UP. |
[104] | Thompson, T., Parrott, R., & Nussbaum, J. F. (Eds.) (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Health Communication. New York: Routledge. |
[105] | Tong, K. K., Chen,. H., Yu, E. W, Wu, A. M. S. (2020). Adherence to COVID-19 Precautionary Measures: Applying the Health Belief Model and Generalised Social Beliefs to a Probability Community Sample. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 72 (4), 1205-1223. |
[106] | Valente, T. W., & Kwan, P. P. (2013). Evaluating communication campaigns. In R. E. Rice, & C. K. Atkin (Eds.) Public communication campaigns (pp. 83–97). Los Angeles etc.: Sage. |
[107] | Van Bavel, J. J. et al. (2020). Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior, 4, 40.471. |
[108] | Viswanath, K., & Emmons, K. M. (2006). Message Effects and Social Determinants of Health: Its Application to Cancer Disparities. Journal of Communication, 56, S238-S264. |
[109] | Viswanath, K., & Finnegan, J. R. (1996). The knowledge gap hypothesis: Twenty-five years later. In Annals of the International Communication Association (Eds.) Communication Yearbook 19 (pp. 187-228). Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage. |
[110] | Walrave, M., Waeterloos, C., & Ponnet, K. (2020). Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6 (3), e2072. |
[111] | Wang, X., Shi, J., & Kong, H. (2021). Online Health Information Seeking: A Review and Meta-Analysis. Health Communication, 36 (10), 1163-1175. |
[112] | Webb, T. L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L., & Michie, S. (2010). Using the internet to promote health behavior change: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of theoretical basis, use of behavior change techniques, and mode of delivery on efficacy. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12, e4. |
[113] | Wechsler, H., Nelson, T. F., Lee, J. E., Seibring, M., Lewis, C. & Keeling, R. P. (2003). Perception and reality: A national evaluation of social norms marketing interventions to reduce college students’ heavy alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 484-494. |
[114] | Weijers, R. J., & de Koning, B. B. (2020). Nudging to Increase Hand Hygiene During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Field Experiment. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science (Advance Online Publication). |
[115] | White, C. L. (2018). Communication Channel. In R. L. Health, & W. Johansen (Eds.) The International Encyclopedia of Strategic Communication. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. |
[116] | Wiebe, G. D. (1951). Merchandising commodities and citizenship on television. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 679–691. |
[117] | Windahl, S., Signitzer, B., & Olson, J. T. (2009). Using Communication Theory. An Introduction to Planned Communication. Los Angeles etc.: Sage. |
[118] | Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A Meta-Analysis of Fear Appeals: Implications for Effective Public Health Campaigns. Health Education & Behavior, 27 (5), 591-615. |
[119] | Wong, L. P., Alias, H., Wong, P.-F., Lee, H. Y., & AbuBakar, S. (2020). The use of the health belief model to assess predictors of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16 (9), 2204-2214. |
[120] | Yang, Z. J., Aloe, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Risk Information Seeking and Processing Model: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Communication, 64 (1), 20-41. |
[121] | Yousuf, H. et al. (2020). Association of a Public Health Campaign About Coronavirus Disease 2019 Promoted by News Media and a Social Influencer With Self-reported Personal Hygiene and Physical Distancing in the Netherlands. JAMA Network Open, 3 (7), e2014323. |
[122] | Yzer, M. (2017). Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior. In P. Rössler (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects. San Francisco, CA: Wiley. |
[123] | Yzer, M. C., Southwell, B. G., & Stephenson, M. T. (2013). Inducing Fear as a Public Campaign Strategy. In R. E. Rice, & C. K Atkin (Eds.) Public communication campaigns (pp. 177-187). Thousand etc.: Sage. |
[124] | Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56, 221–237. |
APA Style
Heinz Bonfadelli. (2022). Theoretical Approaches of Health Campaigns and Practical Applications to COVID-19 Campaigns. Science Journal of Public Health, 10(1), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17
ACS Style
Heinz Bonfadelli. Theoretical Approaches of Health Campaigns and Practical Applications to COVID-19 Campaigns. Sci. J. Public Health 2022, 10(1), 60-72. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17
AMA Style
Heinz Bonfadelli. Theoretical Approaches of Health Campaigns and Practical Applications to COVID-19 Campaigns. Sci J Public Health. 2022;10(1):60-72. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17
@article{10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17, author = {Heinz Bonfadelli}, title = {Theoretical Approaches of Health Campaigns and Practical Applications to COVID-19 Campaigns}, journal = {Science Journal of Public Health}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {60-72}, doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20221001.17}, abstract = {Public communication campaigns are the focus of this contribution, especially in the field of health, that fulfill an important function in today’s civic society by informing the public about risky behaviors like AIDS, tobacco, alcohol, drug abuse, obesity or currently in the field of COVID-19. In addition they are stimulating preventive behavior in domains like increasing physical activity, healthier nutrition or keeping distance because of COVID-19, but also in areas like traffic safety or environmental protection. But they also try to alter non-healthy risk behaviors like smoking or too much drinking. Especially the COVID-19 pandemic since early 2020 hit the health systems of all countries hard and almost all health ministries or departments of public health started to develop and implement COVID-19 communication campaigns together with technical and legal interventions like vaccination. Based on a system model with focus on problem analysis, definition of goals, selection of target groups, development of campaign messages, and empirical campaign evaluation, it is the goal of this contribution to focus on public health campaigns and its underlying theoretical perspectives like information seeking, cognitive dissonance theory, activation and entertainment-education, social cognitive theory, persuasion research or approaches from health sciences. Based on this background of relevant communication theories, the contribution is asking: What have we learned from theory to optimize health campaigns and especially COVID-19 campaigns?}, year = {2022} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Theoretical Approaches of Health Campaigns and Practical Applications to COVID-19 Campaigns AU - Heinz Bonfadelli Y1 - 2022/02/16 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17 DO - 10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17 T2 - Science Journal of Public Health JF - Science Journal of Public Health JO - Science Journal of Public Health SP - 60 EP - 72 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7950 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20221001.17 AB - Public communication campaigns are the focus of this contribution, especially in the field of health, that fulfill an important function in today’s civic society by informing the public about risky behaviors like AIDS, tobacco, alcohol, drug abuse, obesity or currently in the field of COVID-19. In addition they are stimulating preventive behavior in domains like increasing physical activity, healthier nutrition or keeping distance because of COVID-19, but also in areas like traffic safety or environmental protection. But they also try to alter non-healthy risk behaviors like smoking or too much drinking. Especially the COVID-19 pandemic since early 2020 hit the health systems of all countries hard and almost all health ministries or departments of public health started to develop and implement COVID-19 communication campaigns together with technical and legal interventions like vaccination. Based on a system model with focus on problem analysis, definition of goals, selection of target groups, development of campaign messages, and empirical campaign evaluation, it is the goal of this contribution to focus on public health campaigns and its underlying theoretical perspectives like information seeking, cognitive dissonance theory, activation and entertainment-education, social cognitive theory, persuasion research or approaches from health sciences. Based on this background of relevant communication theories, the contribution is asking: What have we learned from theory to optimize health campaigns and especially COVID-19 campaigns? VL - 10 IS - 1 ER -